A dummy procedure used when linking a program with a run-time library. The stub routine need not contain any code and is only present to prevent “undefined label” errors at link time.

 Driver-

- A driver is software that works to communicate between an operating system and a peripheral. Think of it as a translator. If you use a crappy driver, your OS won’t understand your video card and may become unstable and crash. Hardware manufacturers constantly update drivers to make them faster and more stable. Operating systems typically come with a set of drivers, but peripherals newer than your operating system typically require new drivers which must be installed via CD-ROM, floppy, or downloaded from the Web.

Module-

An independent piece of {software} which forms part of one or more larger {programs}.  Different languages have different concepts of a module but there are several common ideas. Modules are usually compiled seperately (in compiled languages) and provide an {abstraction} or information hiding mechanism so that a module’s implementation can be changed without requiring any change to other modules.  In this respect they are similar to {objects} in an {object-oriented language}, though a module may contain many {procedures} and/or {functions} which would correspond to many objects. A module often has its own {name space} for {identifiers} so the same identifier may be used to mean different things in different modules. [Difference from {package}?]. 2. An independent assembly of electronic components with some distinct function, e.g. a RAM module consisting of several RAM chips mounted on a small circuit board. (1997-10-27)

The Structured Approach is bascially done in Stages these include Defining the problem, Planning the solution, builing the solution, checking the solution and modifying the solution it is basically costly because it takes alot of time and therefore cost money!

 Why is it often called a waterfall.?

It is called the waterfall technique becuase the process must go through step one to Defining the problem, Planning the solution, builing the solution, checking the solution and modifying the solution

The first FORTRAN compiler was a milestone in the history of computing,
at that time computers had very small memories (on the order of 15KB,
it was common then to count memory capacities in bits), they were slow
and had very primitive operating systems (if they had them at all).
At those days it seemed that the only practical way is to program in
assembly language.

Uses of Fortran!

Designed for scientific and technical (engineering) computing.

Example of Code.?

                        q’ = T(q,t)v
         M(t,q)v’ = f(q,v,u,t) - L(q,v,u,t)*lamda
               0  = H(q,t)v + k(q,t)
               u’ = d(q,v,u,lambda,t)

eg. printer driver

Dick Doctor: provides data recovering service so when

Anti virus: A program that searches your hard drives and floopy disks for any known or potential viruses

eg. Norton anti virus

Back-up Utilities: A software designed to backup data for the purpose of having a second copy of an original source in case of damage to the original data

1) Input is important to computer system because input is the means by which     a computer receives information from the outside world. Information that is from a non computer based source can only be transferred into the computer by input. 

Keyboard - allows you to enter numeric and alphabetic data into the computer

Mouse – controls movement of the cursor or pointer on a display screen

Gaming controllers – device that allows you to play the game using more realistic controls  

 3) Keyboard 

Enables you to type what you want at a faster rate, rather than using an on screen keyboard 

Disadvantage:May result in the cause of several injuries such as CTS    

Output  

1) Output is important to computer system because output is the means by which a computer sends information from either computer to computer/device or from computer to hardcopy. Information that is from a computer based source can only be transferred or made into a non-computer source by output. 

2) Examples of input devices are:

Display monitor – a device that projects a visual image of what is going on in the computer

Printer – prints text or illustrations on paper

Speaker – converts electrical signals loud enough to be heard at a distance

 3) Display monitor

Allows you to see what you are inputting into the computer system 

Disadvantages: May result in the cause of injuries such as Eye Strain 

Process 

1) The process is a set of instructions that are made by inputting data into the computer system then need to be executed for the computer to open windows, start programs, etc 

2) Process devices include:

Software programs – Allows inputs to be processed

CPU – Where all inputs are converted into output signals.

3) The advantage of a CPU is that it allows for fast processing of different inputs to be carried out as an output. CPU’s can also be upgraded to process faster. A disadvantage is that slower CPU’s take longer to process.

Storage

Storage  

1) Storage is important as is retains digital data used for computing. When transferring images or videos from a camera into a computer, the data has to be stored so that you can go back later and look at the data. That is one of the reasons why storage is important for computing systems.

3) Hard disk

Advantages:

You can save any data and access it whenever you want to on your computer

 Disadvantages:

There is a limit to how much can be saved into it and also it is stuck in the one computer, the data cant be accessed by another computer